What is Protein, Structure of protein, Types of protein, Ramachandran plot

1. Introduction of protein

2. Structure of protein

3. Types of protein

4. Ramachandran plot of protein

5. Extraction and techniques 

 

Protein Introduction -

Proteins are  Nitrogenous macromolecules substances found in living system. Essential for cell structure and cell functions.

Protein term first suggested, in 1838, by a Swedish chemist Berzelius.

Macromolecules - Very high molecular weights, The term macromolecule was  coined by Schaudinger in 1920s.

Protein are polymers of The Amino acids.

 

In body -

                  H20 > Proteins > Lipids >  Carbohydrates > Nucleic Acid.

                             O2 - 60%,  C - 20%,  H - 10%,  N - 3%,  Ca - 2.5%.

Amino acids -

                       

R  =  H  ----  Glycine amino acid

R  =  CH3   ----  Alanine amino acid

R  =  CH2OH  ----  Serine amino acid.

 

 

22 Amino acids discovered in cells.

1. Arginine (R),

2. Histidine (H),

3. Isoleucine (I),

4. Leucine (L),

5. Lysine (K),

6. Methionine (M),

7. Phenylalanine (F),

8. Theonine (T),

9. Tryptophan (W),

10. Valine (V),

11. Alanine (A),

12. Asparagine (N),

13. Aspartic acid (D),

14.  Glycine (G),

15.  Serine (S),

16.  Tyrosine (Y),

17. Glutamic acid (E),

18.  Cysteine (C),

19. Glutamine (Q),

20. Proline (P),

21.  Selenocysteine (U),

22. Pyrrolysine (O)

 

         

  New discovered amino acids -

-   Selenocysteine (encode by UGA codon)

-   Pyrrolysine  (encode by UAG codon).

Amino acids nature -

          Acidic amino acids - Aspartic acid (D),    Glutamic acid (E).

          Basic amino acids - Lysine (K), Arginine (R), Histidin (H), Tryptophan (W).

          Neutral amino acids - Glycine (G), Valine (V), Alanine (A).

          Aromatic amino acids - Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W).

 

 

Essential Amino Acids -

Essential Amino Acids cannot synthesized by de nevo, in organism at a rate commensurate with its demand.

Examples -

Arginine (R), Histidine (H), Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Lysine (K), Methionine (M), Phenylalanine (F), Theonine (T), Tryptophan (W), Valine (V).

 

Non essential amino acids -

Non essential Amino Acids synthesized by de nevo, in organism at a rate commensurate with its demand.

Examples -

Alanine (A), Asparagine (N), Aspartic acid (D), Glycine (G), Serine (S), Tyrosine (Y). Glutamic acid (E).

 

Conditional essential -

 Cysteine (C), Glutamine (Q), Proline (P).

 

Primary amine - One Carbon bounded with to the Nitrogen.

Second amine - Two Carbon bounded with to the Nitrogen.

Tertiary amine - Three Carbon bounded with to the Nitrogen.

 

Protein chain formation - Two amino acid attached with dipeptide bond.

                    

    Protein Molecular weight =  Add Amino acids molecular weights - 18 (H20, release).

 

Protein structure -

             

Effects of Temperature  on protein structure - high temperature least affects  primary structure.

Types of proteins -

Simple protein     -        1. Fibrous protein.    2. Globular protein.

Compound protein   -    1. Glycoprotein.   2. Leithoprotein.    3. Phoshpoprotein  etc.

 

Simple Protein -

Made by  only amino acids

1. Fibrous protein -

                                   Elongated, rod like structures, Form by strong hydrogen binding- between intermolecular strands, some time repeated unit, resistant to enzymatic digestion, Mostly- Primary & Secondary structures.

Examples - Collagen (Most abundant protein in animal body),

Elastin,

Keratin (Hardest protein, due to cysteine).

 

2. Globular protein -

                                   Spherical in shape, forms colloids with water, dissolve in water. Weak Hydrogen bonding, Enzymatic functions, mostly primary, secondary, tertiary and Quaternary structures.

Examples -

                   Rubisco (Most abundant protein on Earth / plants),

                   Albumin,

                   Globin,

                   Histone,

 

Notes - Fibrous proteins and globular proteins differ in size, shape, solubility, appearance as well as in function.

 

Compound protein -

                                     Made by Amino acids and non amino acids parts (Prosthetic part).

Examples -

Phoshpoprotein.    -         Amino acids + Phosphoric acids

Like - Milk protein (Casein),  Pepsin (digestive enzymes secret from stomach's  chief cells.

Leithoprotein  -    Amino acids + Lecithin

Like -  Fibrinogen (blood clotting protein)

Glycoprotein -      Amino acids + Carbohydrates

Like - LH (Leutinizing Hormone), FSH (Follicular stimulating factor,  Anterior pituitary Hormone).

Antibodies.

Fertilizin (egg surface protein),

Antuferilizing ( sperm surface protein).

 

Lipoprotein -    Amino acids + lipids

Like - plasma membranes

 

Nucleoprotein -   Amino acids + nucleic acids

Like -      DNA+ HISTONE PROTEIN,      

                       RNA + Protein

         Chromoprotein -  Amino acids + Metals

   Like -  Haemoglobin (Fe),

              Cytochrome (Fe).

 

Ramachandran plot -

Introduced by G. N. Ramachandran, Peptide conformations are defined by  the values of fi and sai.

For L amino acids (mostly found in eukaryotes, NH2 group presents in left side).   

Notes - Glycine ( Much broader range area)

              Proline (Greatly restricted area)

               For D amino acids ( NH2 group presents in right side), its are mirror form L amino acids.

 

"Amino acids encode by Codon (three nucleotides long unit)"

 

Isoelectric pH (pl)   -      Protein's Net electric charge is zero, but contain positive and negative charge groups. (Zwitterion).

                                  pH below its pI -    +Ve Change (Acidic)

                                   pH above its pl -    - Ve charge (Basic)

     

Protein extraction and Observation -

 

Extraction -       (in Buffer, solution).

Organ - tissue - cells - Homogenate - lysis with enzymes, Sonication -                  Centrifuge

 

Use techniques -

Spectrophotometer ( Absorb light at ~280nm )

( Absorbation directly proportional to the concentration of the solution - The Lambert-Beer Law )

• Chromatography
• Electrophoresis
• Immunoassay

 

Zoology : - Species Interactions 2021

SPECIES INTERACTIONS

Species interaction is a group of individual that have a common ancestor and potential inbreeding and produce offsprings.

There are two types of species interaction are found, inter-specific and intra-specific. Major difference between inter-specific and intra-specific are inter-specific interaction are occurring between two or more different species organism, while intra-specific interaction are occurring between same species organism.

Rhinoceros Species Interaction

COVID - 19: All Details About Corona Virus 2021

Corona virus

1.INTRODUCTION

2.GENOMICORGANIZATIONS

3.GROWTHMECHANISM

4.STRUCTURE

5.CLASSIFICATION

6.HUMANCORONAVIRUS(COVID-19)

6.1INTRODUCTION

6.2CLASSIFICATION

6.3MORPHOLOGY

6.4GROWTHMECHANISM

6.5PHYLOGENYANALYSIS

6.6TREATMENT

Corona virus This is a species of virus. The common meaning of a virus is a toxic liquid, which has the potential to cause disease in a healthy person. The word virus is a Latin word. It was first discovered in the 19th century by Martinus Bezerinck (Holland) and Dmitry Ivanovsky (Russia) in a disease-bearing tobacco plant. Which was called tobacco mosaic virus. It also escaped from the proof filter, which means its size is very subtle. Its size is measured in nanometers. Its approximate size can be 20-400 nanometers. It was given the virus name by Bezerinck.

The virus itself is unable to survive. It depends on another living being to survive. But when it gives shelter to an organism, it starts growing in it at a very fast pace. If HIV infects a person, then in one day it gives birth to its (10 power 11) offspring.

Viruses are not cells, so they are excluded from the Five World Concept classification (1969, RH Whitaker). There is no cell organ of any kind present in it, but in exception, the ribosome is present in arenaviruses.

The virus mainly has the ability to infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Viruses are both useful and unusable.

Diseases in humans - diseases like corona, colds, rabies, cancer, small pox, and AIDS.

On the other hand, it is also used to avoid and kill dangerous bacteria.

Genetic substances in the virus are DNA / RNA.

1.  Double stranded  DNA

2. Single stranded DNA

3. Double stranded RNA

4. Single stranded RNA

These are some linear and some are circular. The largest genome (33kb) of the corona virus was measured.

This genetic material is protected through the capsaid. Its capacities also have the ability to rebuild.

Growth in viruses

1. First the virus comes in contact with the cells of the host, and attaches to the receptor on the surface of the cell.

2. Then it enters the cell through it.

3. After this, transcription and translation process are done with the genetic material of the cell.

4. This is followed by replication, and assembly, and thus other viruses are produced, which are ready to infect other cells.

- All Animal Viruses Must cross the plasma Membrane.

- Some are transported in the cytoplasm via microtubules.

- some must cross the Nuclear envelope, usually via a nuclear pore.

Viruses have the ability to change themselves (membrane structure) according to the internal environment of the cell.

In laboratory: -

1. Animal virus plaques in cell culture

2. Phage plaques in a lawn of bacterial cells

3. Density gradient centrifugation

4. Fluorescent microscopy

5. Confocal microscopy

6. Electron microscopy

7. Electrophoretic techniques

8. Microarrays.

Virus structure: -

1. Icosahedral Naked

2. Icosahedral Enveloped

3. Helical Naked

4. Helical Enveloped

Viruses have certain structures on their genetic material to protect themselves. Such as: -

• SARS Coronavirus which carries 5 'Capping and 3' tail (polyA).
• Polio virus which carries a special protein at 3 'tail (polyA) and 5'.
• Black beetle virus only has 5 'par capping.
• Cucumber mosaic virus having a tRNA like structure at 5 'capping and 3'.
• All of the above contain SS RNA (single kundalin RNA).
• Rota virus containing 5 'Capping on ds DNA.

Classification of viruses: -

For this, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has been created, headquartered in London (UK).

It has divided virso into 7 groups using Baltimore classification (based on the method of RNA synthesis) ...

References - Virology principles and applications book (Johan Carter, Venetia Saunders)
           - Introduction to modern virology 6th edition (A.J. Easton and K.N. Leppard)
           - principles of virology 3th edition (S.J Flint, L.W. Enquist, V.R.Racaniello, A.M. Skalka) - COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronavirus (Journal of Advanced Research)
        - Wikipedia
        - world health organizations site
        - Genomics characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus implications for virus origin and receptor binding (@ 2020 Elsevier, published 29jan.2020)
        - SARS-COV and COVID-19 (school of biomedical science the University of Hong-Kong.
        - Full-genome sequences of the first two SARS-CoV-2 viruses from India (@ 2020 Indian Journal of Medical Research, published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow for Director-General, ICMR)
        - Transmission electron microscopy imaging of SARS-CoV-2 (© 2020 Indian Journal of Medical Research, published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow for Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research)
         - COVID-19 Drug Therapy - Potential Options (Updated March 26, 2020) Elsevier © 2020

Human Corona virus

Corona - Latin "Garland worn on the Head as a mark of honor".

Corona virus is a group of viruses. Which have the potential to cause disease in mammals and birds.

It was first discovered in 1960. The first discovered corona virus was found in chickens and 2 human patients.

In Chickens - Infectious Bronchitis and

Humans - Comman Cold

The corona virus discovered in mankind was named HUMAN CORONAVIRUS.

After this, more viruses of the family of mankind were discovered.

Like

- SARS-COV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) (2003)

- Human coronavirus NL63 (2004)

- Human coronavirus HKU1 (2005)

- Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (2012)

- SARS-COV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus - 2) (2019)

The corona viruses discovered so far mainly affect our respiratory system the most.

And corona viruses in cows and pigs affect the digestive system.

Morphology

Its morphology - spherical and some projection Emerged on its surface.

Their diameter was measured to be about 120 nanometers.

Its upper surface is a lipid bilayer containing Membrane (M), Envelope (E) and Spikes (S) structural proteins.

And contains Nucleocapsid, which carries the  +SS RNA genome.

Bilayer (lipid) and Nucleocapsid outside the host cell protect the genome of Virus.

According to Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

This corona virus - 19 can survive up to 3h in droplets present in the air.

This corona virus19 - 4 hours on copper,

Can survive 24 hours on cardboard, 72 hours on plastic and steel.

And according to WHO it is 62-71% alcohol to 1 mint. Can be disabled by washing.

Its genome comes in 27-34 kb.

So far, there is no information about how many virus copies are present in the sneeze, but in the research of influenza, about 10 thousand copies are found in it, about 3000 particles are produced in a sneeze.

COVID-19 Growth mechanism ..

In Host (Capillaries of the lungs) - viral spike (S) glycoprotein attaches of its Complementary Host Receptor ACE-2 (Angiotensin converting enzyme - 2) - A Protease cleaves and activate the "S" glycoprotein into two subunit S1 and S2 there S1 has Receptor Binding Domain and S2 help in membrane fusion - virus particles is uncoated its genome enter cell cytoplasm - virus RNA contain 5 'capping and 3' polyA tail, which help allow to RNA to attach to the Host Cell ribosome - Translation - Translate poly proteins, poly protein has its own proteases activity which cleave the poly protein into the multiple Nonstructural protein (MNsP) - multi Non structural protein works in different ways, Some MNsP makes Replicase transcriptase complex (RTC), its RTC is the RNA dependent RNA polymerases (RdRP) and some MNsP functional as an Exoribonuclease - RdRP Help in Replication of RNA from RNA template and RdRP contain capacity synthesis of - ssRNA from + ssRNA and Exoribonuclease contain proofreading ca pacity - RNA Translation occur inside ER Viral Structural Protein S, E, M - Transport - "M" Protein Essential for Assemble - Exocytosis.

Epidemic - (according to WHO reports)

    2002 - SARS CoV (Guangdong China)

    2012 - MERS (Saudi Arabia)

    2015 - MERS (South Korea)

    2019 - SARS CoV-2 (wuhan China)

Nov. The SARS Cov virus attack in 2002 infected 8000 people in 37 countries, and 774 people died.

The MERS attack in April 2012 infected 1000 people in 24 countries, and killed 400 people.

Feb. 2015, infected 1030 people and killed 381 people.

Dec. The outbreak of 2019 continues .....

According to the WHO report, if symptoms are seen comparatively,

    Symptoms of SARS-Cov - fever, stomach problem, cough (happy), respiratory problem, palpitations.

    Symptoms of MERS - fever, cough, respiratory problem, stomach problem.

    SARS - Symptoms of CoV 2 - fever, dry cough, respiratory problem.

Our questions whose discovery we can find a cure for this corona virus and they can be avoided in the future .. 

1. Which are their carriers and host cones ?

2. What is their origin and development ?

3. What are their growth processes ?

             In the growth process we have to find out,

       A. How does it spread ?

       B. What are its symptoms.

       C. Factors preventing its growth.

1. The host of corona virus is mainly mammals, bats, rats, pigs, camels, humans, etc., which give shelter to the virus for survival. When the virus enters the host, the host first binds to the host protein in the host and grows on it.

 And this covid-19 zoonosis (from one organism to another, coming into contact) according to a research research published in [29jan.2020, @ Elsevier]. And the survey of different provinces of China revealed that covid-19 has more impact on men on average than women. And in addition, it most commonly affects people above 65 years of age, but it does not mean that it does not harm <65 people, it is able to infect a person every year.

When analyzed phylogeny of the species of human coronavirus discovered so far, it is found that it is a mutual relation of some human coronavirus.

like. The association of COVID-19 was found with SARS-1 and HCoV-HKU1.

And BLAST of the genome sequence of NC_045512 available with NCBI and on phylogeny analysis it was found to be related to Bat CoV Ra TG13 (MN996532), and Bat-SL-CoVZC45 (MG772933).

HUMAN CORONAVIRUS whose genome sequencing.

1. HCoV - HKU1 Accession No. = NC_006577

2. HCoV - 229E Accession No. = NC_002645

3. HCoV - NL63 Accession No. = NC_005831

4. HCoV - 0C43 Accession No. = NC_006213

5. SARS-CoV-1 Accession No. = NC_004718

6. SARS-CoV-2 Accession No. = NC_045512

7. MERSd Accession No. = NC_019843

1. Human coronavirus HKU1 - Its host is mainly mice and humans, in which the rat is a

Acts as a carrier, and in humans it causes respiratory related diseases. When it enters humans, the receptor first connects with the N-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic receptor. After this it shows its growth. According to Wikipedia, when phylogenetic analysis found that HKU1 is related to distant HCoV OC43 and proximal relationship to Mouse Hepatitis Virus.

The first HCoV HKU1 patient was found in Hong Kong in 2005, returning via Schengen province of China.

So far 22 Strain has been discovered.

2. Human coronavirus 229E - Its hosts are bats and humans, they cause respiratory related diseases in humans. When it enters humans, it associates with its receptor APN (Alanine Amino Peptidase Receptor) and grows. These receptors are present on the membranes of the small intestine and kidneys.

3. Human coronavirus NL63 - Its receptor is ACE-2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme - 2 Receptor). This indicates similarity to HIV. Which causes respiratory diseases.

4. Human coronavirus OC43 - It infects animals and humans. Its receptor is N-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid,

 Chill, cold, pneumonia etc. Its treatment is Chemotherapy with HIV AIDS.

5. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus - Its hosts are bats, humans and camels. Its receptor is DPP4 Receptor (Dipeptidyl Peptidase Receptor). It mainly occurs in the liver, kidneys, and lungs.

6. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 - It occurs in humans, bats and other mammals, its receptor is ACE-2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme - 2). It was discovered in China in 2002.

7. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 - Research is still going on, but some scientists believe that it has come from bats in humans.

Its receiver is ACE - 2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme - 2), it was discovered in China in 2019.

  ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME 2 - it is crucial role play in maintain "HOMEOSTASIS" mechanics(stable the internal cells environment) , and protects baroreflex and autonomic function.

And Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is located outer surface of the Lungs, arteries, Heart, Kidney, and Intestines.

When virus inter in the body and bind angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor then angiotensin not bind with own  ACE2 Receptor, then unbalance the homeostasis mechanism.

RAS mechanism =

              Liver secretion [Angiotensin (1-255aa)]

             Kidney secretion [ Renin] Renin crucial role play in the converting to Angiotensin 1[1-10aa] from the Angiotensin [1-255aa]

            Lungs secretion [Angiotensin converting enzyme] ACE is crucial role play in the converting to Angiotensin 2 [1-8aa], from the Angiotensin 1

             And Lungs also secretion [Angiotensin converting enzyme 2] it is main function convert the Angiotensin 2 [1-7 aa] from angiotensin 2 [1-8 aa].

     Then angiotensin 2 [1-7] bind with the GPC Receptor and protect the baroreflex and autonomic function and maintain Homeostasis mechanism.

 But when angiotensin 2 not bind with receptor due to SARS-COV-2, then cause respiratory problems.

 IF WE WANT TO STOP THE OUTBREAK OF THIS , WE SHOULD..

     1.    Block /inhibit the binding of SARS-COV-2 with ACE2

     2.  Block the multiple structure protein functions

     3. Block the Assembly 

According to a report (3 March 2020) by The Guardian, a British news agency of the Corona Virus SARS-COV-2, the first patient of covid-19 was an older 55-year-old man in southern China on 17 November. Was found (govt. Not published data). According to the Chinese government the first patient of covid-19 is 8 dec. 2020. After this 20 dec. 60 confirmed patients were found.

According to a report by IJMR in India (28 March 2020), 24 jan. A Kerala resident returned to visit Wuhan province in 2020, bringing the disease to India as a gift, initially when he complained of cough and fever on 25 jan. On 2020 it was admitted to General Hospital, Thrissur, kerala. And the second case 26 jan. 2020 was found in Kerala which was suffering from cough and stomach problem. Admitted it to medical college of Alappuzha, kerala on 30 jan.2020, after inquiry it was found out that this person had been in contact with a person from China because of traveling together. When they were examined, they were found to be infected with covid-19 (unpublished data), and the third case was of a person suffering from a runny nose, 31 Jan. Admitted to General Hospital Kasaragod kerala on 2020. There were only 3 positive cases in India till 29 and 881 suspected (according to a report by ICMR - NIV pune) all three returned from Wuhan province (China).

The corona virus seen in India was a spherical shape of Covid-19 with an average of 70–80 nm. It had heavy cover projection on its surface, which had an average size of 15 + - 2 nm. Projection ending that average peplomeric structure.

Containing 29851 nucleotides, similar to the Wuhan corona virus (NC_045512) but differing from the 408Arg lle (S1) and 930 Ala (S2) of the India corona virus, indicating this mutation.

Coronavirus 19 = COVID-19 = SARS-COV-2

Coronavirus does infect both sex male and female. Some research articles published by some journal on it.... 

 By the way, then it does not make any vaccine and any drugs for prevention of covid-19.But doctors try to treat patients with the own experience and according to symptoms.And they also getting some substancy success.

 Indian covid-19 strain, Genome sequence according to The National Genomics Data Center.

1. Accession No. - MT050493 ( SARS-COV-2/166/human/2020/IND), (kerala state)

                    Sample collection = 2020-01-31 , create date = 2020-03-08

2. Accession No. - MT012098 (SARS-COV-2/29/human/2020/IND), ( kerala state)

                    Sample collection = 2020-01-27, create date = 2020-03-08

3. Accession No. - MT163714 (SARS-COV-2/341/human/2020/IND)

                    Sample collection = 2020-02-29, create date = 2020-03-11

4. Accession No. - MT163715 ( SARS-COV-2/341/human/2020/IND)

                    Sample collection = 2020-02-29, create date = 2020-03-11

 When done NCBI BLAST then , the following result came..

  

That means these are blong to the similar species..

Research to be continue .................. 

Introduction to Ecology | Limiting Factors in Ecology and their law

ECOLOGY

The original definition is from Ernst Haeckel, who defined ecology as the study of the relationship of organisms with their environment in which they grow and reproduce. The word ecology was coined by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel, who applied the term OEKOLOGIE to the “relation of the animal both to its organic as well as its inorganic environment.” The word comes from the Greek OIKOS, meaning “home” or “place to live.” Thus, ecology deals with the organism and its environment.  

Showing relationship between human and their environment

Abiotic factors are the non living things present in the ecosystem, such as temperature, nutrition, gases, etc.

Biotic factors are the living things present in the ecosystem, such as microbes, plants, animals, etc.  

But sometime there are so many difficulties face by the organisms present in the environment or to their habitat that reduce the potential growth of the population. These obstructions knows as Limting Factors.

LIMITING FACTORS IN ECOLOGY

• Limiting factors are most important for the selection mechanism or control population growth.
• These factors are Aboitic and Biotic in nature which are very useful for the ecosystem.
• Limiting Factors are based on the concept of Liebig law of minimum.

Desert and its Habitat

Example ➤ Lack of water in the desert.

By the lack of water the plant population growth and animal population growth present in that ecosystem are reduced. Here water is the limiting factor.

Example ➤ Too much water and fertilizer in the ecosystem.

Excess amount of water and fertilizers are also harmful  for the plant and animal population growth present in the ecosystem. Here Water and Fertilizer are limiting factors.

↦Liebig Law of Minimum ↣

LIEBIG was the German scientist who gives the "Liebig law of minimum" in 1840. It states that population growth {Animals or Plants} are not dependent on the total amount of resources present in the ecosystem. But population growth is dependent on the minimum nutrition present, which are present in the minimum quantity in the ecosystem.

Different type of spices (nutrition)

↦Shelford's Law of Tolerance↣

⇨Shelford's law of tolerance proposed by Ernest Shelford in 1913. It's law told that minimum present nutrition not only reduce the potential growth, but maximum present nutrition also reduces the potential growth present in the ecosystem.

⇨Organism have certain Minimum, Maximum and Optimum environment factors.

⇨Presence of Optimum nutrition and Optimum biotic and abiotic factors in the ecosystem are responsible for increase the population growth.

Optimum level ➝"Bell Shaped Curve" 

Optimum environment/temperature: -
Optimum environment is the environment where an organism easily reproduces and increases its population growth.
Optimum temperature is the temperature where the organism easily survives and feeds to its own body and to their progeny. 


Theories of Tolerance: - 

• Tolerance is the power of  the ability to bear something painful or nasty from their environment to their {Animal or Plant} body for a very long time. 
• Different organisms have different Tolerance Capacity. Some organism has the maximum tolerance capacity or some have minimum tolerance capacity.
• The Tolerance capacity of an organism are changes according to their environment changes.